Black Hawk — or, as some accounts say, his son — was given a beating by white men in a difficulty, which renewed and increased his hatred of Americans.

The evidence

• “Being a friend of the British and hating Americans, Black Hawk led his followers to entertain the same feeling, and they were popularly known as "the British band." After burying the hatchet in 1816, however, the chief led a comparatively peaceful life for six years. Then in the winter of 1822-1823, in some difficulty with white men he, or some say his son, was given a cruel beating, which renewed and increased his hatred of all Americans. In the summer of 1823 squatters began taking possession of the rich land occupied by these Sacs toward the mouth of Rock river.”

  1908-brown-rock-county/03-black-hawk-war.md, Vol. 1, PDF p. 44 / book p. 35

  Brown, William Fiske, editor. Rock County, Wisconsin: A New History of Its Cities, Villages, Towns, Citizens and Varied Interests, from the Earliest Times, Up to Date. Chicago: C. F. Cooper & Co., 1908. 2 vols. archive.org/details/rockcountywiscon01brow, archive.org/details/rockcountywiscon02brow.

  Grade A: Found on a page of one of our sources